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The key figure, the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II, brother of the French Queen Marie Antoinette, had initially looked on the Revolution calmly.
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Spain made a separate peace accord with France (Second Treaty of Basel) and the French Directory carried out plans to conquer more of the Holy Roman Empire. With the Treaty of Campo Formio, the Holy Roman Empire ceded the Austrian Netherlands to France and Northern Italy was turned into several French sister republics.
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The French established the Batavian Republic as a sister republic (May 1795) and gained Prussian recognition of French control of the Left Bank of the Rhine by the first Peace of Basel. The new French armies counterattacked, repelled the invaders, and advanced beyond France. The Committee of Public Safety was formed (6 April 1793) and the levée en masse drafted all potential soldiers aged 18 to 25 (August 1793). France suffered reverses ( Battle of Neerwinden, 18 March 1793) and internal strife ( War in the Vendée) and responded with draconian measures. Subsequently, these powers made several invasions of France by land and sea, with Prussia and Austria attacking from the Austrian Netherlands and the Rhine, and the Kingdom of Great Britain supporting revolts in provincial France and laying siege to Toulon in October 1793. France counterattacked with victory at Valmy (20 September) and two days later the Legislative Assembly proclaimed the French Republic. The capture of Verdun (2 September 1792) triggered the September massacres in Paris. In July 1792, an army under the Duke of Brunswick and composed mostly of Prussians joined the Austrian side and invaded France. Eight months later, following a vote of the revolutionary-led Legislative Assembly, France declared war on Austria on 20 April 1792 Prussia, having allied with Austria in February, declared war on France in June 1792. Relations between the French revolutionaries and neighbouring monarchies had deteriorated following the Declaration of Pillnitz in August 1791. They were only loosely allied and fought without much apparent coordination or agreement each power had its eye on a different part of France it wanted to appropriate after a French defeat, which never occurred.
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The War of the First Coalition ( French: Guerre de la Première Coalition) was a set of wars that several European powers fought between 17 initially against the constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French Republic that succeeded it.